There is nothing cozier than sitting curling up in your home on a cold winter day.  However, as we have seen in recent years, heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region. Even areas that normally experience mild winters can be hit with a major snowstorm or extreme cold. Winter storms can result in flooding, storm surge, closed highways, blocked roads, downed power lines and hypothermia. The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) recommends that you include winter storms in your emergency preparedness planning.

Make sure your kit includes a heating source, such as a kerosene heater, with sufficient fuel to last in case you are isolated for several days.  If you have a wood burning stove or a fire place, stock up on seasoned wood before winter sets in.

Winterize your home to extend the life of your fuel supply by insulating walls and attics, caulking and weather-stripping doors and windows, and installing storm windows or covering windows with plastic. These barriers against the weather will be appreciated if you are stranded in your home by snow and ice.

Don’t forget to winterize your car.  Be sure to:

• Battery and ignition system should be in top condition and battery terminals clean.
• Ensure antifreeze levels are sufficient to avoid freezing.
• Ensure the heater and defroster work properly.
• Check and repair windshield wiper equipment; ensure proper washer fluid level.
• Ensure the thermostat works properly.
• Check lights and flashing hazard lights for serviceability.
• Check for leaks and crimped pipes in the exhaust system; repair or replace as necessary. Carbon monoxide is deadly and usually gives no warning.
• Check breaks for wear and fluid levels.
• Check oil for level and weight. Heavier oils congeal more at low temperatures and do not lubricate as well.
• Consider snow tires, snow tires with studs, or chains.
• Replace fuel and air filters. Keep water out of the system by using additives and maintaining a full tank of gas.

The right clothes can keep you safe and warm. Layers of loose fitting, light weight clothing will keep you warmer than a single bulky garment. Make sure the outer layer is water repellent.   Be sure to add mittens (they are warmer than gloves), a hat and scarf.

When the winter storm hits, listen to your weather radio, regular radio or television for updates on the warning level.   If you are stranded in your home, be sure to eat regularly and drink ample fluids, but avoid caffeine and alcohol.  Don’t risk a heart attack or injury by overexertion.  If you have to shovel snow or remove fallen debris, be cautious and stretch before your go to work.

If you are exposed to the elements for a long period of time, watch out for signs of frostbite and hypothermia. Frostbite can cause loss of feeling and white or pale appearance in extremities such as fingers, toes, ear lobes, and the tip of the noses. If these symptoms occur, place the affected area in warm water until normal sensation returns.  Wrap the affected area in clean cloth.  Treat any hypothermia that might accompany the frostbite. Signs of hypothermia include uncontrollable shivering, memory loss, disorientation, incoherence, slurred speech, drowsiness, and apparent exhaustion. If symptoms of hypothermia are detected, get the victim to a warm location, remove wet clothing, and warm the center of the body first.  If the victim is conscious, make sure he or she is hydrated with warm, non-alcoholic beverages.

Drive only if it is absolutely necessary. If you must drive, travel in the day, don’t travel alone, and keep others informed of your schedule. Take an emergency supply kit that includes food, water and blankets.  Stay on main roads; avoid back road shortcuts.  If a blizzard traps you in the car, keep these guidelines in mind:

• Pull off the highway. Turn on hazard lights and hang a distress flag from the radio antenna or window.
• Remain in your vehicle where rescuers are most likely to find you. Do not set out on foot unless you can see a building close by where you know you can take shelter. Be careful; distances are distorted by blowing snow. A building may seem close, but be too far to walk to in deep snow.
• Run the engine and heater about 10 minutes each hour to keep warm. When the engine is running, open an upwind window slightly for ventilation. This will protect you from possible carbon monoxide poisoning. Periodically clear snow from the exhaust pipe.
• Exercise to maintain body heat, but avoid overexertion. In extreme cold, use road maps, seat covers, and floor mats for insulation. Huddle with passengers and use your coat for a blanket.
• Take turns sleeping. One person should be awake at all times to look for rescue crews.
• Drink fluids to avoid dehydration.
• Be careful not to waste battery power. Balance electrical energy needs – the use of lights, heat, and radio – with supply.
• Turn on the inside light at night so work crews or rescuers can see you.
• If stranded in a remote area, stomp large block letters in an open area spelling out HELP or SOS and line with rocks or tree limbs to attract the attention of rescue personnel who may be surveying the area by airplane.
• Leave the car and proceed on foot only if necessary and then only after the blizzard passes.